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Introduction of Anti -TPO Antibody Anti -TPO Antibody test is an autoantibody assay that is against thyroperoxidase (TPO) (antigen). TPO is an enzyme present in thyroid hormone formation, catalyzing the oxidation of iodide on tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin for the synthesis of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine -T4). This enzyme is a membrane-associated hemo-glycoprotein. It expresses only in thyrocytes and is one of the most important thyroid gland antigens. Disorders of the thyroid gland are common due to autoimmune mechanisms...

 Introduction of HPV Genes Detection Prior to dealing with HPV Genes Detection, let's discuss the virus. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are small double-stranded (ds) DNA viruses that belong to the family of Papillomaviridae. having a circular genome of the size of approximately 7.9 kilobases. There are more than 100 types of HPV that have been identified, and so far among them.  Certain HPV types are called high-risk HPV (hrHPV) like HPV 16 and 18.  They are associated with the...

Introduction of Microbiology Reporting Techniques Microbiology Reporting  Techniques are useful to provide similar report formats from different Microbiology Laboratory platforms that should sound Microbiologically clear and concise. It should also be compatible with International Guidelines of Clinical Microbiology Practice like the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) previous National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) Guidelines. Microbiology Reporting Techniques Templates Culture Negative Reports Urine Culture:  No growth after...