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Introduction of Alkaptonuria Alkaptonuria is an enzyme deficiency, homogentisic dioxygenase (HGD) rare inherited disorder. It is used to break down a toxic substance called homogentisic acid. Excess to homogentisic acid causes bones and cartilage to become discolored and brittle which causes later osteoarthritis, especially in the spine and large joints. The patient who has alkaptonuria also has urine that turns dark brown or black when it is exposed to air (as shown in the above image)....

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) Rapid IgM and IgG Test Hepatitis A virus or HAV rapid test is used for the detection of immunoglobulin G(IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) of past and present infections respectively as shown above picture. Hepatitis A is an acute, usually self-limiting disease of the liver caused by HAV.  It is transmitted from person to person, primarily by the feco-oral route. The incidence of hepatitis A is closely related to socioeconomic development, and seroepidemiological...

Introduction of Medical Mycology Information links Nearly 1.5 million environmental fungal species out of which 8000 plant pathogens and 300 human pathogens respectively but such scenarios have changed rapidly in recent years. Prolonged steroid use, recent neutropenia, diabetes mellitus, cancer (AML), and rheumatologic conditions are the principal predisposing factors to fungal infections and they are increasing day by day. The responsibility for national/ international surveillance like fungal infection rate, antifungal resistance surveillance, and for outbreak investigation are...