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Introduction and Structure Cord factor, chemically known as Trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM), is a critical cell wall glycolipid found in virulent strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other related species. It is the most abundant lipid on the exterior of the mycobacterial cell wall and is a primary driver of the bacteria's pathogenicity. Definition: A toxic glycolipid that causes mycobacteria to grow in characteristic "serpentine cords" (rope-like aggregates) when viewed under a microscope. Composition: It consists of a trehalose sugar molecule esterified to two molecules of mycolic...

Introduction Lactococcus is a genus of Gram-positive, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming cocci, usually arranged in pairs or short chains. They are facultative anaerobes and are best known for their beneficial role in dairy fermentation (e.g., cheese and buttermilk production). Although generally regarded as low-virulence organisms, Lactococcus species can act as opportunistic pathogens, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Pathogenicity Normally part of food-associated and environmental microbiota Opportunistic infections reported in: Immunocompromised patients Elderly individuals Patients with valvular heart disease, malignancy,...

Introduction Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne RNA virus belonging to the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. It is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia, including South and Southeast Asia. Humans are dead-end hosts, while pigs and wading birds act as amplifying reservoirs. Transmission occurs mainly through Culex mosquitoes (especially Culex tritaeniorhynchus). Pathogenicity Virus enters via mosquito bite → local replication → viremia Crosses the blood–brain barrier → infects neurons Causes inflammation, neuronal degeneration,...