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Principle of Citrate Utilization Test A citrate utilization test is used to determine the ability of an organism to utilize sodium citrate as its only carbon source and inorganic ammonium salts as its only nitrogen source. When the bacteria metabolize citrate, the ammonium salts are broken down to ammonia, which increases alkalinity turning the bromthymol blue indicator from green to blue. [caption id="attachment_972" align="alignnone" width="876"] Principle of Citrate Utilization Test[/caption] Requirements for test Simmons citrate agar slant...

Introduction of Oxidase Test  (Kovac's Method)  Gordon and McLeod introduced the use of a dimethyl-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride solution to test for the presence of oxidase systems in 1928 . In particular, they used the test to distinguish N. gonorrhoeae (oxidase test positive) from Staphylococcus species and Streptococcus species (oxidase negative). The sensitivity of the oxidase test was increased when Kovác's found that a tetra-methyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride solution gave a quicker reaction. Gaby and Hadley developed a modified oxidase...

Introduction of Rheumatoid factor test Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disorder that may affect many tissues and organs like  skin, blood vessels,heart,lungs, and muscles but particularly attacks joints, producing a supppurative proliferative and inflammatory synovitis that often progresses to destruction of the articular cartilage and ankylosing of joints. Rheumatoid factor is common in about 1% population. Female>male 40-70 years age Rheumatoid factor(RF) is the auto antibody that  first found in rheumatoid arthritis. It defines as...