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Introduction of Incubator The incubator is an electrical device in which the incubation process is performed which conditions an enclosure to a predetermined temperature since it provides and maintains all artificial optimal conditions for the growth of microbial culture as well as cell and tissue culture. Principle and working of incubators Incubators work on the principle of thermo-electricity. It has a thermostat that maintains a constant temperature by creating a thermal gradient. When any conductor, an electrically-controlled...

Introduction of urine culture and sensitivity A urine culture test is useful to grow and identify organisms, mainly bacteria, and fungi that may cause a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI). Bladder urine is normally sterile and free from any organisms. UTIs are common in females and children than in adult males. The antibiotic sensitivity test  (AST)  helps to select an appropriate antibiotic that is effective against specific types of bacteria or fungi causing any infection. [embed]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JkxKvvSkZ_k[/embed] When...

Introduction of Periodic acid Schiff’s (PAS) Stain PAS stain is used for the demonstration of basal membrane, fungus, differentiate mucin secreting adenocarcinoma from undifferentiated squamous cell carcinoma. It is helpful in the diagnosis of different types of glycogen storage diseases, Paget’disease, macrophages in Whipples diseases, parasites, and amylase. Principle of PAS stain Structures having 1-2 glycol or amino or alkyl grouping are oxidized by periodic acid. Free hydroxyl groups must be present for oxidation. After complete...