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Introduction of  Semen analysis Semen is a grey opalescent fluid that forms at ejaculation. It consists of a suspension of spermatozoa in seminal plasma. Semen analysis uses to check the reproductive status of a person. It is necessary to note the following points while reporting for routine semen examination. Abstinence  days (Obtain the semen analysis  at least 3 days of abstinence from coitus) Method of sample collection Time and place of sample collection Collection and examination...

Introduction of Milk Microbiology Milk can occasionally contain bacteria derived from three sources and they are from animals,from hands of milk handlers,from the environment. Milk borne pathogens pose a threat to the community so milk has present following Agents primarily of animal origin Agents primarily of human origin Animal origin milk disease: Tuberculosis, Brucellosis, Salmonellosis, Q fever, Staphylococcal and streptococcal infections Human origin disease: Typhoid and Paratyphoid fever, Shigellosis, Cholera, enterohaemorrhagic E. coli List of bacteria that can...

Introduction of Air Microbiology Study of living microbes suspended in air is simple called Air Microbiology. Transmission of airborne microorganisms-They are sprayed by normally coughing  and Sneezing. Air microorganisms are carried by dust particles and droplet nuclei.  Physical environment stress like desiccation, humidity, temperature, radiation.  Indoor air e.g. tubercle bacilli where as outdoor air are algae, protozoa, yeasts and molds. Mold spore are predominant, e.g Clasdosporium,  Alternaria,  Pullularia , Penicillium , Batrytis,  Stemphylium. Bacterial species are spore...