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Introduction of Poliovirus Poliovirus belongs to the family Picornaviridae and it is a small RNA virus. Common properties of Picornaviridae 20 -30 nm diameter Capsid: 60 capsomeres arrange in icosahedral symmetry Does not contain envelop Contains single-stranded RNA Most of the members grow in tissue culture Two important genera that can infect humans are- Genus                       Species Enterovirus          poliovirus Rhinovirus           ...

Introduction of Capsule Staining The capsule is the outermost layer of bacteria. It, usually is composed of polysaccharides, known as capsular polysaccharides (CPS) but it may be constructed of other materials. e.g. Bacillus anthracis capsule is made of poly-D-glutamic acid. Capsule Staining is a special type of staining. Bacterial capsule observation is sometimes cumbersome since the capsule is non-ionic, so neither acidic nor basic stain and that will adhere to its surface. Another fact is most capsule materials are...

Introduction of  Hiss Staining Technique for Demonstration of Bacterial Capsules The  Hiss Staining Technique is a type of positive staining method that stains the capsule and the bacterial cell with a brighter background. For the reason that a capsule appears as a light violet color between a dark violet-colored bacterial cell and colorless background. Principle of Hiss Staining  The capsule is non-ionic in nature and thus it becomes a failure to get a stain by an acidic stain...