Category: medical

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST): Introduction, Methods, Procedure and Result Interpretation

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) is a laboratory method for determining the susceptibility of organisms to therapy with antibiotics. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) is usually carried out to determine which antibiotic / antmicrobial agent will be most successful in treating a microbial  infection in vivo. Antimicrobial  Susceptibility Testing (AST) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) is a laboratory method...

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Acridine Orange Staining: Introduction, Principle, Procedure, Result Interpretation and Uses

Acridine Orange Staining: Acridine orange is a fluorochrome stain and uses the rapid identification of Trichomonas vaginalis, yeast cells, and clue cells in vaginal smears. It can also use to detect intracellular gonococci, meningococci, and other bacteria particularly in blood cultures. It intercalates with the nucleic acid  i.e. either DNA or RNA present in organisms and fluoresce to emit various colors that help in differentiation. This binding is the result the electrostatic interactions of acridine molecule between the nucleic acid base pairs. It shows metachromatic properties, and thus is commonly used in fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analysis of cellular physiology and cell cycle status,  even including the fluorescent microscopic examination of microorganisms.  Introduction of  Acridine Orange Staining Acridine orange is a fluorochrome stain.  Acridine...

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Auramine-Phenol Fluorochrome Staining: Introduction, Principle, Procedure, Result Interpretation and Limitations

Auramine-Phenol  is a fluorochrome stain and  used to visualize acid fast structures of various microoranisms specially Mycobacterium tuberculosis  and  in modified form for Mycobacterium leprae , Nocardia species, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanensis , Isospora belli and fungal spores . Ziehl-Neelsen (hot), Kinyoun (cold) are still widely used methods  to detect acid fast structures in these organisms in developing countries but sensitivity is high of fluorochrome stain. The acid fastness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is due to having  thick cell wall composed of waxes and lipids that has a high content of mycolic acid. Introduction of Auramine -Phenol stain Auramine-Phenol is a fluorochrome stain...

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