universe84a

Introduction Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne RNA virus belonging to the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. It is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia, including South and Southeast Asia. Humans are dead-end hosts, while pigs and wading birds act as amplifying reservoirs. Transmission occurs mainly through Culex mosquitoes (especially Culex tritaeniorhynchus). Pathogenicity Virus enters via mosquito bite → local replication → viremia Crosses the blood–brain barrier → infects neurons Causes inflammation, neuronal degeneration,...

Introduction of Fungal Elements in KOH Mount of Urine Microscopy Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) mount is a simple, rapid, and cost-effective microscopic technique used to detect fungal elements in various clinical specimens, including urine samples. When fungal infection of the urinary tract (funguria) is suspected—especially in immunocompromised, diabetic, or catheterized patients—KOH mount helps visualize yeast cells, pseudohyphae, or hyphae directly under the microscope. The KOH solution digests background debris, leaving fungal cell walls intact for clear visualization. Fungal...

Introduction The MinION Sequencer, developed by Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT), is a compact, portable, and real-time sequencing device that enables direct analysis of DNA and RNA molecules using nanopore technology. Unlike traditional sequencing systems, MinION detects nucleotide sequences by measuring changes in electrical current as nucleic acid strands pass through protein nanopores embedded in a membrane. It provides long-read sequencing, which is highly valuable for genome assembly, microbial identification, and mutation detection, including in fungi, bacteria,...