Bloodstream Infection(BSI): Introduction, List of common causative agents

Bloodstream Infection(BSI): Introduction, List of common causative agents, and Keynotes

Introduction

Bloodstream Infection (BSI) refers to the presence of viable microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or parasites in the bloodstream, leading to systemic inflammation and potentially severe clinical outcomes like sepsis or septic shock. It is a critical medical condition that requires rapid identification and targeted antimicrobial therapy. BSIs may arise from localized infections (e.g., pneumonia, urinary tract infection, or surgical wounds) or from invasive medical devices such as intravenous catheters.

Detection of BSI relies on blood culture, which remains the gold standard for diagnosis, often complemented by molecular assays (PCR, MALDI-TOF) and biomarkers for faster identification.

List of Common Causative Agents

Keynotes

Bloodstream infection (BSI) is a life-threatening systemic infection requiring urgent diagnosis and treatment.
Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli are the most common bacterial causes.
Candida species are major fungal pathogens in immunocompromised or ICU patients.
Blood culture is the gold standard for detection, but molecular methods (e.g., multiplex PCR, MALDI-TOF) enhance rapid identification.
Early detection and appropriate antimicrobial therapy are essential to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Common risk factors: indwelling catheters, prolonged hospitalization, immunosuppression, and invasive procedures.
Preventive measures: strict aseptic technique, infection control practices, and antimicrobial stewardship.

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